Documents › Executive orders › 14345
Executive Order 14345
Implementing the United States-Japan Agreement
Signed September 4, 2025, printed at 90 FR 43535. 8 sections of substance, 2,204 words.
This order puts a trade deal with Japan into effect. It lowers some taxes on goods.
Sec. 1. Background
On July 22, 2025, I announced a framework agreement between the United States and Japan (Agreement), which lays the foundation for a new era of United States-Japan trade relations grounded in principles of reciprocity and our shared national interests. The Agreement establishes a tariff framework that levels the playing field for American producers and accounts for American national security needs. In my judgment, the Agreement is necessary and appropriate to address the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025 (Regulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff To Rectify Trade Practices That Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits), as amended, and to reduce or eliminate the threats to national security found in Proclamation 9704 of March 8, 2018 (Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into the United States), as amended; Proclamation
On July 22, 2025, I announced a framework agreement between the United States and Japan (Agreement), which lays the foundation for a new era of United States-Japan trade relations grounded in principles of reciprocity and our shared national interests. The Agreement establishes a tariff framework that levels the playing field for American producers and accounts for American national security needs. In my judgment, the Agreement is necessary and appropriate to address the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025 (Regulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff To Rectify Trade Practices That Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits), as amended, and to reduce or eliminate the threats to national security found in Proclamation 9704 of March 8, 2018 (Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into the United States), as amended; Proclamation
This recalls a trade deal with Japan. The President announced it July 22, 2025. It sets a tariff framework. The stated aim is a level field for producers here. Security needs are weighed too. He says the deal helps meet the April trade emergency. He says it also eases threats named in metals proclamations.
Sec. 2. General Tariffs
(a) The additional ad valorem rate of duty applicable to products of Japan shall be determined by a product's current ad valorem (or ad valorem equivalent) rate of duty under column 1 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) (``Column 1 Duty Rate''). For a product of Japan with a Column 1 Duty Rate in the HTSUS that is less than 15 percent, the sum of its Column 1 Duty Rate and the additional ad valorem rate of duty pursuant to this order shall be 15 percent. For a product of Japan with a Column 1 Duty Rate that is at least 15 percent, the additional rate of duty pursuant to this order shall be zero percent. Treatment of specific or compound duty rates shall be identical to the treatment provided to products of the European Union as outlined in Executive Order 14326 of July 31, 2025 (Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates). The duties described in this
(a) The additional ad valorem rate of duty applicable to products of Japan shall be determined by a product's current ad valorem (or ad valorem equivalent) rate of duty under column 1 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) (``Column 1 Duty Rate''). For a product of Japan with a Column 1 Duty Rate in the HTSUS that is less than 15 percent, the sum of its Column 1 Duty Rate and the additional ad valorem rate of duty pursuant to this order shall be 15 percent. For a product of Japan with a Column 1 Duty Rate that is at least 15 percent, the additional rate of duty pursuant to this order shall be zero percent. Treatment of specific or compound duty rates shall be identical to the treatment provided to products of the European Union as outlined in Executive Order 14326 of July 31, 2025 (Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates). The duties described in this
This sets the tariff on Japanese goods. It starts from the rate already in the schedule. If that rate is under 15 percent, the added duty brings it to 15. If that rate is 15 percent or more, nothing is added. Flat and mixed rates follow the rule used for Europe. A July order set that rule.
Sec. 3. Aerospace
(a) With respect to products of Japan that fall under the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft, except for unmanned aircraft, the tariffs imposed through the following Presidential actions and subsequent amendments to those actions shall no longer apply, as of the date of publication of the Federal Register notice described in subsection (b) of this section: (i) Executive Order 14257, as amended; (ii) Proclamation 9704, as amended; (iii) Proclamation 9705, as amended; and (iv) Proclamation 10962. (b) Within 7 days of the date of publication of this order in the Federal Register, the Secretary, in consultation with the Chair of the ITC and the Commissioner of CBP, shall publish a notice in the Federal Register modifying the HTSUS consistent with this section. [[Page 43537]] (c) The Secretary may issue rules, regulations, guidance, and procedures to carry out the
(a) With respect to products of Japan that fall under the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft, except for unmanned aircraft, the tariffs imposed through the following Presidential actions and subsequent amendments to those actions shall no longer apply, as of the date of publication of the Federal Register notice described in subsection (b) of this section: (i) Executive Order 14257, as amended; (ii) Proclamation 9704, as amended; (iii) Proclamation 9705, as amended; and (iv) Proclamation 10962. (b) Within 7 days of the date of publication of this order in the Federal Register, the Secretary, in consultation with the Chair of the ITC and the Commissioner of CBP, shall publish a notice in the Federal Register modifying the HTSUS consistent with this section. [[Page 43537]] (c) The Secretary may issue rules, regulations, guidance, and procedures to carry out the
This covers aircraft. A world trade pact defines which goods qualify. Drones are left out. For those goods, four earlier tariff actions stop applying. That takes effect when a notice is published. The notice is due within 7 days. The trade commission and customs are consulted. The secretary may issue rules to carry it out.
Sec. 4. Automobiles and Automobile Parts
(a) As of the date of publication of the Federal Register notice described in subsection (b) of this section, in lieu of the additional section 232 ad valorem duties imposed on products of Japan in Proclamation 10908 of March 26, 2025 (Adjusting Imports of Automobiles and Automobile Parts Into the United States), as amended, the additional ad valorem rate of duty applicable to an automobile or automobile part that is a product of Japan and subject to duties under Proclamation 10908, as amended, shall be determined by the product's Column 1 Duty Rate. For a product of Japan with a Column 1 Duty Rate that is less than 15 percent, the sum of its Column 1 Duty Rate and the additional automobile or automobile part section 232 ad valorem rate of duty pursuant to this order shall be 15 percent. For a product of Japan with a Column 1 Duty Rate that is at least 15 percent, the additional
(a) As of the date of publication of the Federal Register notice described in subsection (b) of this section, in lieu of the additional section 232 ad valorem duties imposed on products of Japan in Proclamation 10908 of March 26, 2025 (Adjusting Imports of Automobiles and Automobile Parts Into the United States), as amended, the additional ad valorem rate of duty applicable to an automobile or automobile part that is a product of Japan and subject to duties under Proclamation 10908, as amended, shall be determined by the product's Column 1 Duty Rate. For a product of Japan with a Column 1 Duty Rate that is less than 15 percent, the sum of its Column 1 Duty Rate and the additional automobile or automobile part section 232 ad valorem rate of duty pursuant to this order shall be 15 percent. For a product of Japan with a Column 1 Duty Rate that is at least 15 percent, the additional
This covers cars and car parts. A March action had set a metals duty on them. That is replaced for Japanese goods. The new duty starts from the rate in the schedule. If that rate is under 15 percent, the total becomes 15. If it is 15 percent or more, nothing is added. A published notice sets the start date.
Sec. 5. Products Not Subject to Reciprocal Tariffs
(a) To implement the terms of the Agreement, the Secretary is authorized to modify the reciprocal tariff rate imposed under Executive Order 14257, as amended, to zero percent for products of Japan that are natural resources unavailable (or unavailable at sufficient scale to satisfy domestic demand) in the United States, generic pharmaceuticals, generic pharmaceutical ingredients, and generic pharmaceutical chemical precursors. (b) In determining when and for which products to modify the reciprocal tariff rate to zero percent, the Secretary shall act in a manner consistent with the national interests of the United States; the purposes of this order; the need to deal with the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14257, as amended; and the need to reduce or eliminate the threats to national security that I found pursuant to section 232. The Secretary shall also consider factors
(a) To implement the terms of the Agreement, the Secretary is authorized to modify the reciprocal tariff rate imposed under Executive Order 14257, as amended, to zero percent for products of Japan that are natural resources unavailable (or unavailable at sufficient scale to satisfy domestic demand) in the United States, generic pharmaceuticals, generic pharmaceutical ingredients, and generic pharmaceutical chemical precursors. (b) In determining when and for which products to modify the reciprocal tariff rate to zero percent, the Secretary shall act in a manner consistent with the national interests of the United States; the purposes of this order; the need to deal with the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14257, as amended; and the need to reduce or eliminate the threats to national security that I found pursuant to section 232. The Secretary shall also consider factors
This lets some goods go duty free. The secretary may cut the rate to zero. It covers raw materials not found here. It also covers ones not found in enough supply. Generic drugs are covered. So are their ingredients. So are the chemicals used to make them. The choice must serve the national interest.
Sec. 6. Monitoring and Modifications
(a) The Secretary shall monitor the progress of Japan's implementation of its commitments under the Agreement and shall, from time to time, update me on the status of Japan's implementation. (b) Should Japan fail to implement its commitments under the Agreement, I may modify this order as necessary to deal with the emergency declared in Executive Order 14257, as amended, and to reduce or eliminate the threats to national security found in Proclamation 9704, as amended; Proclamation 9705, as amended; Proclamation 9888, as amended; and Proclamation 10962.
(a) The Secretary shall monitor the progress of Japan's implementation of its commitments under the Agreement and shall, from time to time, update me on the status of Japan's implementation. (b) Should Japan fail to implement its commitments under the Agreement, I may modify this order as necessary to deal with the emergency declared in Executive Order 14257, as amended, and to reduce or eliminate the threats to national security found in Proclamation 9704, as amended; Proclamation 9705, as amended; Proclamation 9888, as amended; and Proclamation 10962.
This sets up watching. The secretary must track how Japan keeps its promises. Updates go to the President from time to time. If Japan does not follow through, the order may change. The stated reason would be the trade emergency. Threats named in four metals proclamations count too.
Sec. 7. Delegation
(a) Consistent with applicable law, the Secretary and the Secretary of Homeland Security are directed and authorized to take all necessary actions to implement and effectuate this order-- including through temporary suspension or amendment of regulations or through notices in the Federal Register and by adopting rules, regulations, or guidance--and to employ all powers granted to the President, including those granted [[Page 43538]] by IEEPA and section 232, as may be necessary to implement and effectuate this order. (b) The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Chair of the ITC, shall determine whether additional modifications to the HTSUS are necessary to effectuate this order and may make such modifications through notice in the Federal Register. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall consult with any senior officials she deems appropriate. (c) Consistent with
(a) Consistent with applicable law, the Secretary and the Secretary of Homeland Security are directed and authorized to take all necessary actions to implement and effectuate this order-- including through temporary suspension or amendment of regulations or through notices in the Federal Register and by adopting rules, regulations, or guidance--and to employ all powers granted to the President, including those granted [[Page 43538]] by IEEPA and section 232, as may be necessary to implement and effectuate this order. (b) The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Chair of the ITC, shall determine whether additional modifications to the HTSUS are necessary to effectuate this order and may make such modifications through notice in the Federal Register. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall consult with any senior officials she deems appropriate. (c) Consistent with
This says who may act. The secretary and Homeland Security carry the order out. They may pause or amend rules. They may post notices. They may adopt guidance. They may use the emergency powers law. They may use the metals law too. Homeland Security decides if the tariff schedule needs more changes. The trade commission is consulted.
Sec. 8. Interaction With Other Presidential Actions
Any provision of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that is inconsistent with the actions directed in this order is superseded to the extent of such inconsistency.
Any provision of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that is inconsistent with the actions directed in this order is superseded to the extent of such inconsistency.
This settles clashes with older orders. Where they conflict, this order wins.
Sec. 9. General Provisions
Every order carries this. It is not what the order does.
(a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The costs for publication of this order shall be borne by the Department of Commerce. <GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT> (Presidential Sig.) THE WHITE HOUSE, September 4, 2025. [FR Doc.
(a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The costs for publication of this order shall be borne by the Department of Commerce. <GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT> (Presidential Sig.) THE WHITE HOUSE, September 4, 2025. [FR Doc.
This is the closing clause that nearly every order carries. It says the order does not change what the law already allows. It also says no one can sue to enforce it.
How this order is quoted
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